MVCC

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MVCC is the method PostgreSQL uses to handle data consistency when multiple processes are accessing the same table. The manual documents it in the chapter on Concurrency Control.

There is a good example of how MVCC works in the PostgreSQL Through Pictures presentation, on pages 56-58, and a long discussion in the MVCC Unmasked presentation.

MVCC is not unique to PostgreSQL, it's a common database technique.